XITOYNING AFRIKADAGI QARZ TUZOG‘I DIPLOMATIYASI
Keywords:
Qarz tuzog‘i diplomatiyasi, iqtisodiy diplomatiya, “Bir kamar, bir yo’l”, FOCAC, Xitoy-Angola munosabatlari.Abstract
XXRning Afrika qit’asidagi iqtisodiy diplomatiyasi so‘nggi yillarda tobora muhokama markaziga aylanib bormoqda. Ushbu maqolada Xitoyning Afrika davlatlariga ajratayotgan kreditlari va sarmoyalari hamda bu jarayon ortida yashiringan strategik maqsadlar tahlil qilinadi. Xitoy infratuzilma, energetika va savdo yo‘nalishlarida yirik loyihalarni moliyalashtirib, Afrika davlatlari bilan iqtisodiy hamkorlikni mustahkamlamoqda. Biroq, bu jarayon natijasida yuzaga kelayotgan qarz yuki ba’zi Afrika davlatlarini moliyaviy qaramlikka olib kelmoqda. Ushbu maqolada Xitoyning Afrika qit’asidagi “qarz tuzog‘i diplomatiyasi” Angoladagi iqtisodiy jarayonlar misolida tahlil qilinadi. Angola Xitoydan eng ko‘p qarz olgan Afrika davlatlaridan biri bo‘lib, bu qarzlarning aksariyati infratuzilma loyihalariga yo‘naltirilgan. Tadqiqotda Xitoyning Angolaga kredit ajratish strategiyasi, ushbu mablag‘larning ishlatilishi va Angolaning moliyaviy mustaqilligiga ta’siri o‘rganiladi. Maqolada Angolaning neftga bog‘liq iqtisodiyoti, Xitoy bilan imzolangan kredit bitimlari va qarzlarni qaytarish jarayonidagi muammolar batafsil yoritiladi. Shuningdek, Xitoyning Angola ustidan siyosiy va iqtisodiy ta’siri hamda bunday kredit siyosatining uzoq muddatli oqibatlari tahlil qilinadi. Mazkur tadqiqot Angola misolida Xitoyning qarz tuzog‘i diplomatiyasining real mexanizmlarini ochib berishga qaratilgan.
References
1. African Climate Wire, “China experts open to debt for nature swaps but want an “internally agreed mechanism” first,” Climate Legal, August 16, 2023, https://africanclimatewire.org/update/china-experts-open-to-debt-for-nature-swaps-but-want-an-internally-agreed-mechanism-first/.
2. Anthony Rowley, “The Myth of China’s ‘Debt Trap’ Diplomacy,” Nikkei Asia, November 25, 2020, https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/The-myth-of-China-s-debt-trap-diplomacy.
3. Breslin S (2017) Still rising or risen (or both)? Why and how China matters. Pacific Review 30(6): 870–884.
4. Assefa A (2020) Capitalist terminal crisis and the rise of China: global south relations in perspective. African and Asian Studies 19(1–2): 11–32.
5. World Bank (2021a) Exports of goods and services (current US$)—China. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=CN (accessed 23 September 2021).
6. Zhang Z (2018) The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s new geopolitical strategy? China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 4(3): 327–343.
7. Brautigam, D. and Wang, Y. (2022), ‘Global Debt Relief Dashboard: Tracking Chinese Debt Relief in the COVID-19 Era’, China Africa Research Initiative (CARI), Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, http://www.sais-cari.org/debt-relief.
8. Nyabiage, J. (2021), ‘Lack of detail in Angola’s debt deals with China could hide future risk’, South China Morning Post, 18 January2025, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3118140/lack-detail- angolas-debt-deals-china-could-hide-future-risk.
9. Nyabiage, J. (2022), ‘Higher oil prices help Angola pay off debts to Chinese banks’, South China Morning Post, 27 December 2024, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3183084/higher-oil-prices-help- angola-pay-debts-chinese-banks
10. Kachkova, E. (2022), ‘Angola takes advantage of higher oil prices to accelerate $18bn debt repayment plan to China’, Intellinews, 19 October 2024, https://www.intellinews.com/angola-takes-advantage-of-higher-oil- prices-to-accelerate-18bn-debt-repayment-plan-to-china-259814.
11. Vines, A. (2020), ‘China’s southern Africa debt deals reveal a wider plan’, Chatham House Expert Comment, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/12/chinas-southern-africa-debt-deals-reveal-wider-plan(accessed 10 December 2024) .
12. Ver Angola (2022), ‘Angola cashed in 27 billion dollars with oil exports in 2021’, https://www.verangola.net/va/en/022022/Energy/29526/Angola-cashed-in-27-billion-dollars-with-oil- exports-in-2021.htm. (accessed 17 February 2025)
13.Naidoo, P. (2022), ‘Angola Is Accelerating Plans to Pay Down Its Debt’, Bloomberg, 13 October 2024, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-13/angola-is-accelerating-plans-to-pay-down-its-debt.
14.Boston University Global Development Policy Center (2022), ‘Chinese Loans to Africa Database’.
15. International Monetary Fund (2022), ‘Fiscal Monitor: Helping People Bounce Back’, October 2022, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/FM/Issues/2022/10/09/fiscal-monitor-october-22.
16. Republic of Angola (2022), ‘Global Medium Term Note Programme’, 3 November 2024, https://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/8185G_1-2022-3-31.pdf.
17. Naidoo, P. (2022), ‘Angola Is Accelerating Plans to Pay Down Its Debt’, Bloomberg, 13 October 2024, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-13/angola-is-accelerating-plans-to-pay-down-its-debt.
